Vanadium is often used together with manganese, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and other elements in structural steels as it reduces the hardenability under general heat-treatment conditions. Vanadium is mainly used to improve the strength and yield ratio of steel, refine grains, and reduce overheating sensitivity. The product finds its use in sulfuric acid preparation metal alloys, oxalic production, oxidation catalyst, and energy storage.
